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The political, cultural, and historical capital of China, Beijing (北京, ) is a fascinating metropolis where ancient traditions and vibrant modernity coexist. An imperial city par excellence and the center of power for over eight centuries, Beijing is today one of the most influential hubs in the world. This article invites you to discover the many facets of this extraordinary city.
A Capital Steeped in History
Beijing has a history that dates back more than 3,000 years. By the 10th century, it became the capital under the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The imperial city is organized around the Forbidden City, the residence of emperors for nearly 500 years, now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Over the centuries, Beijing has witnessed the great transformations of China, from imperial splendor to the upheavals of the Republican Revolution, and the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Geography and Climate
Located in northern China, near the Great Wall, Beijing is surrounded by mountains to the north and west. Its continental climate is characterized by hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. Spring and autumn, being milder, are the ideal seasons to visit.
Iconic Monuments
- The Forbidden City (故宫 ): Former imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is one of the largest palace complexes in the world.
- Tian'anmen Square (天安门广场 ): A symbolic site of modern Chinese history, it is one of the largest public squares in the world.
- The Temple of Heaven (天坛 ): An architectural masterpiece, it was used for imperial rituals to ensure good harvests.
- The Summer Palace (颐和园 ): An imperial garden renowned for its lake landscapes and refined pavilions.
- The Great Wall of China (长城 ): Accessible from Beijing, notably at Badaling or Mutianyu, it is one of the most powerful symbols of Chinese civilization.
A Modern and Dynamic City
Beyond its imperial past, Beijing is now an ultra-modern city. It hosts the headquarters of many governmental institutions, prestigious universities such as (北京大学) or (清华大学), as well as numerous technology companies. The futuristic skyscrapers of the 国贸 () business district, shopping centers like 三里屯 (), and the infrastructures of the 2008 Olympic Games testify to this embraced modernity.
Culture and Traditions
Beijing is also a major center of Chinese culture:
- Beijing Opera (京剧 ): A traditional art combining singing, dancing, acrobatics, and elaborate makeup.
- Calligraphy, Painting, Martial Arts: Very present in parks, especially at the Temple of Heaven or Beihai Park.
- Beijing Cuisine: Peking duck (北京烤鸭 ) is a must-try dish, as are dumplings (饺子 ) and hand-pulled noodles.
Hutongs: The Soul of Beijing
Hutongs (胡同) are traditional alleys lined with siheyuan (四合院), courtyard houses. Although threatened by urbanization, some neighborhoods like 南锣鼓巷 () have been renovated and retain an authentic and friendly atmosphere. Strolling through these alleys allows you to discover another facet of the city, more intimate and human.
Language and Communication
In Beijing, people speak Standard Mandarin (普通话 ), which is based precisely on the Beijing dialect. It is the ideal city to immerse oneself in the Chinese language. Bilingual signs (Chinese-English) are common in tourist areas, but outside the usual circuits, a basic knowledge of Chinese is very useful.
Practical Tips
- Transportation: The Beijing subway is extensive, efficient, and inexpensive. It provides easy access to the main tourist sites.
- Pollution: Pollution levels can be high. It is recommended to check the AQI indices before prolonged outings.
- Respect for Customs: Greeting with a slight nod, avoiding overly demonstrative gestures, and being patient are appreciated attitudes.
