صون تزي: في فن الحرب، هناك تسعة أنواع من الأراضي: الأرض المنفردة، والأرض الخفيفة، والأرض المتنازع عليها، والأرض المتصلبة، والأرض المتقاربة، والأرض الثقيلة، والأرض المتسعة، والأرض المحاصرة، والأرض المأساوية.التراب المنفرد يكون عندما يقاتل أمير على أرضه الخاصة. الأرض الخفيفة تكون عندما ندخل أرض العدو دون اختراق عميق. الأرض المتنازع عليها تكون عندما يكون من المصلحة لنا وللعدو. الأرض المتصلبة تكون عندما يمكن لنا الذهاب وللعدو القدوم. الأرض المتقاربة تكون عندما تكون مجاورة لثلاثة دول، ومن يصل أولا يحصل على دعم الجميع. الأرض الثقيلة تكون عندما ندخل أرض العدو بعمق، وترك وراءنا العديد من المدن. الأرض المتسعة تكون عندما تكون جبال أو غابات أو مساحات مائية صعبة المرور. الأرض المحاصرة تكون عندما تكون المدخل ضيق والمخرج ملتوي، مما يسمح لقوة صغيرة من العدو أن تهزم قوة كبيرة. الأرض المأساوية تكون عندما لا يمكن النجاة إلا بالقتال السريع.في الأرض المنفردة، لا تقاتل. في الأرض الخفيفة، لا تتوقف. في الأرض المتنازع عليها، لا تهاجم. في الأرض المتصلبة، لا تقطع الاتصالات. في الأرض المتقاربة، شكل تحالفات. في الأرض الثقيلة، نهب الموارد. في الأرض المتسعة، تقدم دون توقف. في الأرض المحاصرة، استخدم استراتيجيات. في الأرض المأساوية، قاتل بضراوة.الجنرالات القدماء كانوا يعرفون كيف يقسمون قوات العدو، منعوا المقدمة والخلفية من دعم بعضهما البعض، prevented the large and small units from helping each other, prevented the officers and soldiers from helping each other, prevented the troops from gathering, and prevented the formations from uniting.Act when it is advantageous, stop when it is not. If the enemy is numerous and well-organized, how to counter them? Answer: Take away what they cherish, and they will obey.The nature of war requires speed. Exploit the enemy's weaknesses, attack where they are not prepared.When an army invades a territory, the deeper it penetrates, the more determined it becomes. If the defenders cannot defeat it, it plunders the rich countryside to feed its troops. Take care of the soldiers without exhausting them, concentrate their energy, and maneuver in an unpredictable way.Throw your troops into a hopeless situation, and rather than flee, they will prefer to die fighting. When there is no escape, the soldiers fight to the death.When the soldiers are deeply engaged, they fear nothing. With no way out, they fight fiercely. In enemy territory, they are united. Cornered, they fight desperately.Thus, the troops do not need to be disciplined to be cautious, nor motivated to be loyal, nor bound by oaths to be united, nor commanded to obey. They reject superstitions and doubts, and fight to the death without hesitation.My soldiers have no excess wealth, not that they despise possessions; they do not seek to save their lives, not that they despise longevity.On the day the orders are given, the soldiers sitting have tears on their collars, those lying down cry profusely. But once thrown into a hopeless situation, they fight with the courage of Zhuo.Thus, a good general leads his troops like the serpent Shuairan of Mount Chang. Struck at the head, its tail comes to the rescue; struck at the tail, its head comes to the rescue; struck in the middle, head and tail come together.Can the troops act like the serpent Shuairan? Answer: Yes.The people of Wu and Yue hate each other, but when they are in the same boat and encounter a storm, they help each other like the left hand helps the right.Thus, tying the horses and burying the wheels of the chariots is not enough to ensure cohesion. Unity and courage come from good leadership. Taking advantage of strengths and weaknesses is about exploiting the terrain.Thus, a good general unites his troops as one man, because they have no choice.The task of the general is to remain calm and mysterious, just and organized. He must deceive the senses of his soldiers, change their tasks and plans so they do not understand, modify their positions and routes so they cannot anticipate.The general gives his orders as if making his men climb a height before removing the ladder. He leads them deep into enemy territory, then triggers the mechanism. He directs them like a shepherd leading a flock, making them go and come without knowing where they are going.Gather the three armies and throw them into a perilous situation, that is the task of the general.The variations of the nine types of terrain, the advantages of flexibility and firmness, and the principles of human psychology, all of this cannot be ignored.In general, an invading army is determined if it penetrates deeply, and disperses if it remains on the surface. Leaving one's country to invade another is an isolated terrain. When the roads are open in all directions, it is a terrain of convergence. Penetrating deeply is a serious terrain. Penetrating lightly is a light terrain. Having a solid rear and a narrow front is an encircled terrain. With no way out, it is a desperate terrain.Thus, on a terrain of dispersion, I unite the wills. On a light terrain, I strengthen cohesion. On a contested terrain, I move to the rear of the enemy. On a terrain of communication, I secure the defenses. On a terrain of convergence, I consolidate alliances. On a serious terrain, I ensure supplies. On a difficult terrain, I advance the troops. On an encircled terrain, I block the breaches. On a desperate terrain, I show that there is no salvation.Thus, the nature of the troops is such that, surrounded, they defend themselves; cornered, they fight; in extreme difficulty, they obey.Thus, he who does not know the plans of the princes cannot conclude alliances. He who does not know the mountains, forests, dangers, and marshes cannot march an army. He who does not use local guides cannot take advantage of the terrain.Ignoring one of these five points is not an army worthy of a hegemonic king.The armies of a hegemonic king, when attacking a great state, prevent its troops from gathering; by imposing their power on the enemy, they prevent its allies from supporting it.Thus, he does not seek to win the favor of other states, nor to cultivate their influence, but relies on his own strength and imposes his power on the enemy, which allows him to take his cities and overthrow his state.He grants extraordinary rewards, gives unexpected orders, and directs the three armies as one man.He engages them in actions without explaining, exposes them to danger without speaking of the advantages.He throws them into a desperate situation so that they survive, places them in a deadly position so that they fight to live.It is by being pushed into danger that the troops can win the victory.Thus, in the art of war, one must know how to guess the enemy's intentions, concentrate one's forces in one point, and kill his general a thousand miles away. That is the skill that leads to success.Thus, on the day the decision is made, one must close the passes, destroy the safe-conduct seals, cut off relations with the emissaries, and take strict measures in the ancestral temples to carry out the enterprise.When the enemy shows a weakness, one must take advantage of it quickly, seize what he cherishes, and adapt one's plans according to his movements to decide the outcome of the battle.Thus, at the beginning, be calm like a young girl, so that the enemy opens his doors; afterwards, be quick like a fleeing hare, so that the enemy does not have time to resist.
